Altering the Amount of Heat Produced When Magnesium Reacts with Sulphur

Altering the Amount of Heat Produced When Magnesium Reacts with Sulphuric Acid When energy in the form of heat is given out of a reaction it is an exothermic reaction. Exothermic reactions usually need activation energy, the energy to break the bonds in the chemicals and to start the reaction. Once the bonds are broken new stronger bonds are formed. In an exothermic reaction energy in the form so heat is given out to the surrounding when the products are formed. Therefore there is an average rise in temperature; energy is lost which results in a negative ?H. The outcome variable for this experiment is to conclude what changes can be made to vary the heat energy when magnesium is reacted with sulphuric acid. Magnesium + Sulphuric Acid  ¡Ãƒ º Magnesium Sulphate + Hydrogen Mg (s) + H2SO4 (a)  ¡Ãƒ º MgSO4 (a) + H2 (g) There are many variables which can be changed in some way to effect the reaction, some of which are listed below:- Volume of Sulphuric Acid Concentration of Sulphuric Acid Initial temperature of Sulphuric Acid Motion of liquid (speed of stirring) Amount and size of magnesium Purity of magnesium The extent of oxidation on the surface of the magnesium Addition of Catalysts Size of Container Temperature of surrounding environment Pressure at which reaction is conducted Insulation of the test-tube Height of thermometer above the base of the test-tube Explaining variables In solutions of higher concentration, particles are closer together. They have a greater chance of colliding. Because there are more collisions the reaction rate is greater. How does temperature affect the rate of a chem... ...by encasing each experiment to prevent any changes in temperature at the start of the reaction to the end of the reaction from affecting the experiment. Extensions to the investigation Computers could be used to carry out data logs of the temperature during the experiment to give a more reliable and more accurate account of the experiments and to help distinguish patterns between concentration, heat produced and rate of reaction throughout each reaction. More concentrations of acid could be used to see if they also have similar affects on the temperature rise. Different substances could be reacted to see if they behave similarly. More repeats could be carried out to qualify the findings. These could be done under different conditions to see how the reactions react under a colder or hotter environment.

The Halo Effect

Have you ever seen a CEO of a huge cooperation walking in to a business meeting in shorts and sneakers? Probably not. Throughout many industries of the world certain job positions come with a specific look. Which means the person that holds one of these positions is expected to dress and appear in a certain way. People’s perceptions of others can be greatly affected by the halo effect and the bias of attractive people as demonstrated by the article â€Å"Physical Attractiveness Bias In Hiring: What is beautiful good† by Comila Shahani-Denning and the 2006 film The Devil Wears Prada. The halo effect in basic terms is attributing many positive qualities because of one or few good qualities notice in the person. such as a thin, attractive women may be perceived by other to be neat, well organized, and nice. Even though she doesn’t actually show any evidence of any of those qualities. In the film The Devil Wears Prada, The Runway magazine publishing company has set a high standard of presentation for its employees. All of it’s employee basically fit the same description, size 2, attractive and wearing the latest fashion. Then a average looking young women named Andy walks in wearing an outfit that looked like she stole it from her great grandmother closet to apply to be the assistant’s assistant to the head of the company, the assistant Emily begin judging her the second she enters the office. She obviously doesn’t fit in and is quickly overlooked for the position by the assistant. This is closely related to the idea’s in Comila Shahani-Denning article of beauty is good. The beauty is good theory states that attractiveness has a significant impact on a person being hired, so the more attractive candidate has a better chance in being hired then the less attractive person. Which can be seen as a type of discrimination because you it’s a non-work related factor. Attribution also plays a huge role in this situation. Attribution is the way we find meaning to other peoples actions. There are two different types of attribution, negative attribution and positive both of which can come from two different sources, an internal or external motive. By Andy not dressing the part she’s sending a message to other that she just doesn’t care. This is an example of an internal attribution. The fact that it’s a fashion magazine and she seems to know little or nothing about it doesn’t really help her. On the other hand when the main reason the company head Miranda hires her is because she wasn’t like the rest who didn’t work out. One factor of this film that I found very interesting was the way Miranda was portrayed. Majority of the film, she shown as this cold hearted monster everyone fears. Andy’s perception of her is very negative and this is an example of the reverse halo affect. The reverse halo affect is taking one negative quality and attributing many more without any obvious indications. Just by seeing how strict Miranda is at work, andy make her seem like she has no care or compassion for anyone else but a good thing they did in the film was show her vulnerable side when she was getting divorce from her husband. She let her feeling show demonstrating she’s not the heartless beast they portray her as. As human being we all try to find meaning and reasoning to everything. That what set us apart from other animal, the need to know why. But what happens when our judgments of other are based on assumptions rather than facts. We begin to form false views of people and even form stereotypes of people. One stereotype I’ve heard many times is that overweight people are unorganized and just messy. Which is hard for me to understand what one has to do with the other, I’m nowhere near the 121 lbs I’m supposed to be for my age and height but that doesn’t mean I’m a slob, it just means I like food. How shallow have we become that we judge people based on physical characteristics. In addition to the beauty is good theory, Comila Shahani-Denning also explore the far less common beauty is beast theory. Beauty is beast theory basically states that attractive females are considered to feminine for a traditionally male role and are less likely to be hired then a less attractive female. I have seen this my entire life, my mother has always been the only female at most her jobs, not because she unattractive but because she normally wears very loose fitting clothes and never wears make-up so she give off a rougher look then a women who wears , making her seem suitable for more masculine positions. The Comila Shahani-Denning article also shows a study between an individualist culture the United States and an collectivist culture India in order to see if the trend is similar throughout different cultures. The students were required to look at an application with a photo attached for a job position. The result were similar in both situations, but this may be due to the fact the students were only shown one application when in real life a employer would have a variety of different applicants. So now there working on fixing this flaw in the study and retest the hypothesis. I believe that when the study is repeated we will see a greater bias in hiring in an individualist culture do to the fact that the employee of a given company are representative of the company and many people fall for the beauty is good theory. The better the people look the better the company seems. For example if I visit two bakeries, one in which there are overweight women wearing street clothes and another with a thin attractive women wearing a proper uniform. I’m more likely to rate the bakery with uniform to be better regardless of the taste of the food. So in a way this also relates to the halo effect, I seen one positive quality and attributed it to be all around better. As we’ve seen the halo effect and attribution are very closely related. The qualities which we notice in a person can let develop many other ideas about a person, which can make assumptions which can lead us into making wrong decisions based on these assumption for example dating a person just because of their physical attraction, you may find yourself dating a complete airhead or psycho. My point is when you assume you make an a$$ of yourself.

Candide Quotes From Voltaires Novella

Voltaire offers his satirical view of society and nobility in Candide, a novel that was published first in France in 1759 and is often considered the authors most important work—representative of the Enlightenment period. Also known as Candide: or, the Optimist in its English translation, the novella begins with a young man being indoctrinated by optimism and follows the character as he faces the harsh reality outside of his protected upbringing. Ultimately, the work concludes that optimism must be approached realistically, as opposed to the indoctrinated approach of his Leibnizian teachers who thought all is for the best or best of all possible worlds. Read on to explore a few of the quotes from this great literary work below, in order of their appearance in the novella. The Indoctrination and Sheltered Beginnings of Candide Voltaire begins his satirical work with a not-too-kind observation of what we are taught is right in the world, from the idea of wearing glasses to the concept of being pantless, all under the lens of all is for the best: Observe that noses were made to wear spectacles, and so we have spectacles. Legs were visibly instituted to be breeched, and we have breeches. Stones were formed to be quarried and to build castles; and My Lord has a very noble castle; the greatest Baron in the province should have the best house; and as pigs were made to be eaten, we eat pork all year round; consequently, those who have asserted all is well talk nonsense; they ought to have said that all is for the best.—Chapter One But when Candide leaves his school and enters the world outside his safe home, he is confronted with armies, which he finds splendid as well, for different reasons: Nothing could be smarter, more splendid, more brilliant, better drawn up than two armies...Trumpets, fifes, hautboys, drums, cannons, formed a harmony such as never been heard in hell (Chapter Three). Bitingly, he comments in Chapter Four: If Columbus in an island of America had not caught the disease, which poisons the source of generation, and often indeed prevents generation, we should not have chocolate and cochineal. Later, he also adds that Men...must have corrupted nature a little, for they were not born wolves, and they have become wolves. God did not give them twenty-four-pounder cannons or bayonets, and they have made bayonets and cannons to destroy each other. On Ritual and Public Good As the character Candide explores more of the world, he observes the great irony of optimism, that it is a selfish act even as it is a selfless one to want more for the public good. In Chapter Four Voltaire writes ...and private misfortunes make the public good, so that the more private misfortunes there are, the more everything is well. In Chapter Six, Voltaire comments on the rituals performed in the local communities: It was decided by the University of Coimbra that the sight of several persons being slowly burned in great ceremony is an infallible secret for preventing earthquakes. This makes the character consider what could possibly be worse than that cruel form of ritual if the Leibnizian mantra held true: If this is the best of all possible worlds, what are the others? but later conceded that his teacher Pangloss deceived me cruelly when he said that all is for the best in the world. Involving Suffering Voltaires work had a tendency to discuss the taboo, to comment on the parts of society others dare not in more straightforward works than his satire. For this reason, Voltaire controversially  stated in Chapter Seven, A lady of honor may be raped once, but it strengthens her virtue, and later in Chapter 10 expanded on the idea of triumphing over worldly suffering as a personal virtue of Candide: Alas! My dear... unless you have been raped by two Bulgarians, stabbed twice in the belly, have had two castles destroyed, two fathers and mothers murdered before your eyes, and have seen two of your lovers flogged in an auto-da-fe, I do not see how you can surpass me; moreover, I was born a Baroness with seventy-two quarterings and I have been a kitchen wench. Further Questioning of Mans Value on Earth In Chapter 18, Voltaire once again visits the idea of ritual as a folly of mankind, jeering at the monks: What! Have you no monks to teach, to dispute, to govern, to intrigue and to burn people who do not agree with them? and later in Chapter 19 posits that Dogs, monkeys, and parrots are a thousand times less miserable than we are and The malevolence of men revealed itself to his mind in all of its ugliness. It was at this point that Candide, the character, realized that the world is almost wholly lost to some evil creature, but there is a practical optimism in being adaptable to what the world still offers in its limited goodness, as long as one realizes the truth of where mankind has come to: Do you think... that men have always massacred each other, as they do today? Have they always been liars, cheats, traitors, brigands, weak, flighty, cowardly, envious, gluttonous, drunken, grasping, and vicious, bloody, backbiting, debauched, fanatical, hypocritical, and silly?—Chapter 21 Closing Thoughts from Chapter 30 Ultimately, after years of travel and hardships, Candide asks the ultimate question: would it be better to die or to continue doing nothing: I should like to know which is worse, to be raped a hundred times by Negro pirates, to have a buttock cut off, to run the gauntlet among the Bulgarians, to be whipped and flogged in an auto-da-fà ©, to be dissected, to row in a  galley, in short, to endure all the miseries through which we have passed, or to remain here doing nothing?—Chapter 30 Work, it is, then, that Voltaire posits will keep the mind occupied from the eternal pessimism of reality, the understanding that all of mankind has been dominated by an evil creature bent on war and destruction rather than peace and creation for, as he puts it in Chapter 30,  Work keeps at bay three great evils: boredom, vice, and need. Let us work without theorizing, Voltaire says, ...tis  the only way to make life endurable.