Importance of Intercultural Skills for European SMEs Free Essay Example, 2000 words

Intercultural skills are important in the economic and business world, more so when an SME is dealing with international and foreign markets. In this case, an SME's management should be able to understand the cultural differences in different European countries to ensure that they maximized profits by identifying with the culture of the country. To emphasize the importance of intercultural skills, Johnson, Lenartowicz and Apud (2006, p. 526) noted that businesses failed overseas because of the inability of managers to understand the local culture of a subsidiary and interact effectively with their counterparts overseas, rather than a lack of ability in the technical aspects of their job. Since all SMEs would like to expand in overseas markets across Europe, the management guiding the ventures should understand the local culture of subsidiaries to interact effectively with customers and their counterparts responsible for the daily operations. Traditionally, firms operate domestical ly, which in essence means that they tailored their goods and service for the domestic market by aligning their products with the culture of their country of origin. However, globalization means that a business should venture into overseas markets in order for the business to make more profits and expand in growth. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Intercultural Skills for European SMEs or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Heller (2003, p. 490) calls this process hybridity, Which is a mark of being able to navigate across the different realms of the corporate market. Conversely, the aim of SMEs is to expand their domestic markets first, and then seek to expand into foreign markets. However, the goods and services SMEs produced for their domestic markets have to be different due to the differences in cultures.

Stem Cell Research The Debate Over Federal Funding Essay

Embryonic Stem Cell Research: Pro-Federal Funding The Alliance for Aging Research is a non-profit organization that promotes the use of federal funding for embryonic stem cell research. As an agency geared toward improving the health of human beings as they age, some of their responsibilities include lobbying for federal legislation, conducting studies and surveys, and creating and distributing educational materials to health care professionals and the public. With Baby Boomers closely reaching the later stages of life, this group has found themselves focused primarily on research programs for the geriatric. In order to ensure progress and the stability of their organization, they have established some fundamental guidelines†¦show more content†¦He also follows up with an argument that posing fines or jail sentences on research is only going to scare future bright minds away from pursuing careers in the medical research field. To conclude Perrys argument in support of stem cell research, he sums it up with the Alliances stance that it is our patriotic duty to pursue human expansion potential to its fullest extent. Embryonic Stem Cell Research: Anti-Federal Funding Do No Harm: The Coalition of Americans for Research Ethics takes a very firm stand against the use of federal funding to aid in embryonic stem cell research. This coalition was founded by 8 extensively educated medical professionals, with the majority of them having specialized backgrounds in ethics or bioethics. The basis of their stance on the argument lies with the legally recognized practice of informed consent that requires a physician to do no harm to a patient. Their argument is that embryonic stem cell research that requires the destruction of a human embryo for the greater good of medicine legally, morally, and ethically defies the informed consent practice. Most of Do No Harms argument against the destruction of a human embryo for stem cell research is based on their belief that it is medically unnecessary. This is supported by many examples of stem cell research advancement inShow MoreRelatedEssay Government Funding of Stem Cell Research775 Words   |  4 Pagesfacing voters was the battle over embryonic stem cell research. In the weeks leading up to the election, polls were indicating that 47 percent of Bush supporters agreed that the destruction of embryo cells is unethical; however, 53 percent of Bush voters supported stem cell research. The overwhelming majority of Kerry backers also supported stem cell research, indicating that the majority of American voters support stem cell research. Embryonic stem cell research, while still in its infancy, hasRead MoreThe Debate Over Embryonic Stem Cell Research1652 Words   |  7 PagesEmbryonic stem cell research could one day hold the key to many new scientific discoveries if it is c ontinuously funded in the years to come. I chose to base my research around the question, Should embryonic stem cell research be government funded? When I finish highschool I hope to pursue a career in the medical field. Although I wish to become a doctor and may not be directly researching stem cells, they may one day be a treatment that I will have to administer to patients. To answer this questionRead MoreFederal Funding With Stem Cell Research706 Words   |  3 PagesStem cell research is extremely prevalent in today’s society, and on the other hand controversial. When thinking of stem cell research many questions, and challenges arise from it. Some problems that arise from the topic of stem cell research involves, religious beliefs, personal, and ethical beliefs. In the next few paragraphs the facts of stem cell research will be mentioned, and questions will be answered with factual evidence. When the topic of stem cell research, and/ or treatment, peopleRead MoreFederal Funds Should Be Used for Embryonic Stem Cell Research1401 Words   |  6 PagesAre embryonic stem cells the cure to many of the human body’s ailments, including defective organs and crippling diseases, or is their use a blatant disregard of human rights and the value of life?   Thanks to the rapid advancements in this field, the potential benefits of stem cells are slowly becoming reality.   However, embryonic stem cell research is an extremely divisive topic in the United States thanks to the ethical issues surrounding terminating embryos to harvest the stem cells.   In responseRead More Stem Cell Research Essay980 Words   |  4 PagesStem Cell Research Within the past few years, scientist have made several breakthroughs with human stem cells. These breakthroughs have catapulted the issue of stem cell research into the middle of a national debate. Most people have no problem with the research itself, however the source of the stem cells (adult or human embryos) used in research is the primary cause of the debate. Some people feel that destroying an embryo is comparable to murder, even if the research it promotes may helpRead MoreCell Research : Stem Cell Therapy1095 Words   |  5 Pagestime I heard about stem cell research, but I remember when it first stood out to me was when quarterback Peyton Manning went over to Europe to get stem cell therapy done on his neck to prevent him from getting surgery done. Stem cells offer much hope for medical advancement because of their ability to grow into almost any kind of cell. Stem cells are crucial to develop organisms. They are non-specialized cells which have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types in the bodyRead MoreA Research On Stem Cells1560 Words   |  7 PagesRose Hercilla Mr. Hoffman Biology Viewpoint: Political Stem Cells Stem cells are cells that are undifferentiated and can develop into any kind of cell needed in the body. The most common stem cells used for research and referred to are human embryonic stem cells. They are formed in embryos to help establish the body and organs for the fetus. Scientists can now fertilize eggs in a lab, which is a process frequently used for people who have difficulties becoming pregnant naturally, also known asRead More Embryonic Stem Cell Research: How does it affect you? Essay1557 Words   |  7 Pages Embryonic Stem Cell Research: How does it affect you? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Embryonic stem cell research is widely controversial in the scientific world. Issues on the ethics of Embryonic Stem (ES) cell research have created pandemonium in our society. The different views on this subject are well researched and supportive. The facts presented have the capability to support or possibly change the public’s perspective. This case study is based on facts and concernsRead More A Look at Stem Cell Research Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesA Look at Stem Cell Research Research in the development of stem cells has become increasingly popular over the past decade. The fascination in the study of stem cells by scientists comes from the mystery of what the essential properties are and how cells differ. With the discovery of determining how stem cells are self renewing and identifying what causes stem cells to become specialized leads to the ability to create more cell-based remedies as well as preventing birth defects, more preciseRead MoreWhat Are Unethical About Stem Cell Research?956 Words   |  4 Pagesestablished the theory that every cell comes from a precursor cell. Maximow was deeply involved in histology, the study of plant and animal tissue. Being the first to show that blood cells come from a common precursor cell, he is given the most credit in discovering what is known as stem cells (source #7). Stem cells have the ability to change into other cells such as blood, bone, tissue, and muscle cells. Researchers are trying to better unders tand these foundation cells to create cures and treatments

The Hunters Moonsong Chapter Twenty-Nine Free Essays

â€Å"You should be proud.† The Vitale Society pledges were lined up in the underground meeting room, just like they had been the first day when they removed their blindfolds. Under the arch in front of them, the Vitales in black masks watched quietly. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Twenty-Nine or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ethan paced among the pledges, eyes bright. â€Å"You should be proud,† he repeated. â€Å"The Vitale Society offered you an opportunity. The chance to become one of us, to join an organization that can give you great power, help you on your road to success.† Ethan paused and gazed at them. â€Å"Not al of you were worthy,† he said seriously. â€Å"We watched you, you know. Not just when you were here, or doing pledge events, but al the time. The candidates who couldn’t cut it, who didn’t merit joining our ranks, were eliminated.† Matt looked around. It was true, there were fewer of them now than there had been at their first meeting. That tal bearded senior who was some kind of biogenetics whiz was gone. A skinny blonde girl who Matt remembered doggedly grinding her way through the run wasn’t there either. There were only ten pledges left. â€Å"Those of you who remain?† Ethan lifted his hands like he was giving them some kind of benediction. â€Å"At last it is time for you to be initiated, to ful y become members of the Vitale Society, to learn our secrets and walk our path.† Matt felt a little sWellof pride as Ethan smiled at them al . It felt like Ethan’s eyes lingered longer on Matt than on the others, like his smile for Matt was just a bit warmer. Like Matt was, among al these exceptional pledges, special. Ethan started to walk through the crowd and talk again, this time about the preparations that needed to be made for their initiation. He asked a couple of pledges to bring roses and lilies to decorate the room – it sounded like he was expecting them to buy out a couple of flower stores – others to find candles. One person was assigned to buy a specific kind of wine. Frankly, it reminded Matt of Elena and the other girls planning a high school dance. â€Å"Okay,† Ethan said, indicating Chloe and a long-haired girl named Anna, â€Å"I’d like you two to go to the herb store and get yerba mata, guarana, hawthorn, ginseng, chamomile, and danshen. Do you want to write that down?† Matt perked up a little. Herbs were slightly more mystical and mysterious, befitting a secret society, although ginseng and chamomile just reminded him of the tea his mom drank when she had a cold. Ethan moved on from the girls, his eyes fixed on Matt, and Matt prepared to be sent in search of punch or ranch dip. But Ethan, locking eyes with Matt, inclined his head a little, indicating that Matt should join him a little apart from the rest of the group. Matt jogged over to meet Ethan, slightly intrigued. What couldn’t Ethan say in front of the others? â€Å"I’ve got a special job for you, Matt,† Ethan said, rubbing his hands together in obvious pleasure at the prospect. â€Å"I want you to invite your friend Stefan Salvatore to join us.† â€Å"Sorry?† Matt said, confused. â€Å"To be a Vitale Society member,† Ethan explained. â€Å"We missed him when we selected candidates at the beginning of the year, but now that I’ve met him, I think – we think† – and he waved a hand at the quietly watching masked figures on the other side of the room – â€Å"that he would be an ideal fit for us.† Matt frowned. He didn’t want to look like an idiot in front of Ethan, but something struck him as off about this. â€Å"But he hasn’t done any of the pledge stuff. Isn’t it too late for him to join this year?† Ethan smiled slightly, just a thin tilting of his lips. â€Å"I think we can make an exception for Stefan.† â€Å"But – † Matt began to protest, then instead smiled back at Ethan. â€Å"I’l cal him and see if he’s interested,† he promised. Ethan patted him lightly on the back. â€Å"Thank you, Matt. You’re a natural for Vitale, you know. I’m sure you can convince him.† As Ethan walked away, Matt watched him, wondering why the praise felt sour this time. It was because it didn’t make sense, Matt decided, walking back to his dorm after the pledge meeting. What was so special about Stefan that Ethan had decided they had to have him pledge the Vitale Society now instead of just waiting til next year? Okay, yes: vampire – that was special about Stefan, but no one knew that. And he was handsome and sophisticated in that ever-so-slightly European way that had al the girls back in high school fal ing at his feet, but he wasn’t that handsome, and there were plenty of foreign students on campus. Matt stopped stock-stil . Was he jealous? It wasn’t fair, maybe, that Stefan could just waltz in and be immediately offered something that Matt had worked for, that Matt had thought was only his. But so what? It wasn’t Stefan’s fault if Ethan wanted to give him special treatment. Stefan was hurting after his breakup with Elena; maybe it would do him good to join the Vitale. And it would be fun to have one of his friends in the Society. Stefan deserved it, real y: he was brave and noble, a leader, even if there was no way Ethan and the others could have known that. Firmly pushing away any remaining niggle of not fair, Matt pul ed out his cel phone and cal ed Stefan. â€Å"Hey,† he said. â€Å"Listen, do you remember that guy Ethan?† â€Å"I guess I don’t understand,† Zander said. His arm around Bonnie’s shoulder was strong and solidly reassuring, and his T-shirt, where she had buried her face against him, smel ed of clean cotton and fabric softener. â€Å"What were you and your friends fighting about?† â€Å"The point is, they don’t trust my judgment,† Bonnie said, wiping her eyes. â€Å"If it had been either of them, they wouldn’t have been so quick to jump to conclusions.† â€Å"Conclusions about what?† Zander asked, but Bonnie didn’t answer. After a moment, Zander reached out and ran one finger gently along her jawline and over her lips, his eyes intent on her face. â€Å"Of course you can stay here as long as you want to, Bonnie. I’m at your service,† he said in an oddly formal tone. Bonnie looked around Zander’s room with interest. She’d never been here before; in fact, she’d had to cal him to find out what dorm he lived in, and how weird was that for a girlfriend to not know? But if she’d tried to picture what his room would be like, she would have assumed it would be messy and very guyish: old pizza boxes on the floor, dirty laundry, weird smel s. Maybe a poster with a half-naked girl on it. But, in fact, it was just the opposite. Everything was very bare and uncluttered: nothing on top of the school-issued dresser and desk, no pictures on the wal s or rug on the floor. The bed was neatly made. The single bed. That they were both sitting on. Her and her boyfriend. Bonnie felt a flush rise up over her face. She silently cursed her habit of blushing – she was sure that even her ears were bright red. She’d just asked her boyfriend if she could move into his room. And sure, he was gorgeous and lovely and kissing him was probably the most amazing experience of her life so far, but she’d just started kissing him last night. What if he thought she was suggesting something more? Zander was eyeing her thoughtful y as Bonnie blushed. â€Å"You know,† he said, â€Å"I can sleep on the floor. I’m not – um – expecting – † He broke off and now he was blushing, too. The sight of flustered Zander immediately made Bonnie feel better. She patted him on the arm. â€Å"I know,† she said. â€Å"I told Meredith and Elena you were a good guy.† Zander frowned. â€Å"What? Do they think I’m not?† When Bonnie didn’t answer, he slowly released her, leaning back to take a close look at her face. â€Å"Bonnie? When you had this big fight with your friends, were you fighting about me?† Bonnie shrugged, wrapping her arms around herself. â€Å"Okay. Wow.† Zander ran a hand through his hair. â€Å"I’m sorry. I know Elena and I didn’t real y hit it off, but I’m sure we’l get along better when we get to know each other. This wil al blow over then. It’s not worth it to stop being friends with them.† â€Å"It’s not – † Tears sprang into Bonnie’s eyes. Zander was being so sweet, and he had no idea how Elena and Meredith had wronged him. â€Å"I can’t tel you,† she said. â€Å"Bonnie?† Zander pul ed her closer. â€Å"Don’t cry. It can’t be that bad.† Bonnie began to cry harder, tears streaming down her cheeks, and he held on to her. â€Å"Just tel me,† he said. â€Å"It’s not that they just don’t like you, Zander,† she said between sobs. â€Å"They think you might be the kil er.† â€Å"What? Why?† Zander recoiled, almost leaping across the bed away from her, his face white and shocked. Bonnie explained what Meredith thought she saw, her impression of Zander’s hair beneath the hoodie of the attacker she chased off. â€Å"Which is so unfair,† she finished, â€Å"because even if she did see what she thought she saw, it’s not like you’re the only person with real y light blond hair on campus. They’re being ridiculous.† Zander sucked in a long breath, his eyes wide, and sat stil and silent for a few seconds. Then he reached out and put a gentle hand under Bonnie’s chin, turning her face so they were gazing straight into each other’s eyes. â€Å"I would never hurt you, Bonnie,† he said slowly. â€Å"You know me, you see me. Do you think I’m a kil er?† â€Å"No,† Bonnie said, her eyes fil ing with tears. â€Å"I don’t. I never did.† Zander leaned forward and kissed her, his lips soft against hers, as if they were sealing some kind of pact. Bonnie closed her eyes and leaned into the kiss. She was fal ing in love with Zander, she knew. And, despite the fact that he had run off so suddenly last night, just before Samantha’s murder, she was sure he could never be a kil er. How to cite The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Twenty-Nine, Essay examples

Pathology report free essay sample

On sectioning through the tissue it is compraise primarly of soft yellow adipose tissue with scant intervining fiborus tissue. Well distinct mass is seen. The area and question is entirly submitted into cassates A1 through A8. MICROSCOPIC DESCRIPTION: 8 plus slides label A1 through A8 are examined. Sections displayed occasional cystics spaces lined by a single layer of flattened two cuboidal shape mucinous cells showing no significant cytologic atypia. Rare foci of mild ductal epithelial hyperplasia are also present. A few microcalcifications deposits are seen association with the B-9 memory glands. No atypical hyperplasia carcinoma in situ or invasive melignancy is identified. FINAL PATHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS: Right breast biopsy with needle localization No evidence of melignancy. B-9 mucinous cycts. Focal ductal epithelial hyperplasia. No atypia. Microcalcifications. Pathology Report Patient Name: Ursula Emma Wagner Patient ID: 004654 Page 2 The CPT code is 88305. Comment: This case went interdeart mental consantation and accurcanse interpretation was achieved.

Ian Lucas Essays (863 words) - DraftNoah Cronbaugh,

Ian Lucas 5/01/17 HLT 110 Courtney Dowell FINAL REFLECTION ESSAY At first the only reason I took this class was because it was what I needed to take for my degree. My girlfriend Rachel took this class with me because we wanted to take at least one class together because even though we went to same high school we never took a class together before. I thought I would dread every Tuesday and Thursday, waking up at 7 AM getting ready for my 8 AM class, carpool with Rachel and listen to the instructor lecture to us about our health but I turned out to be wrong. Courtney Dowell you are one of my favorite professors I have had the privilege of being a student of, and I really hope that you work full-time in the near future because you really deserve it. You have inspired my girlfriend Rachel and I in what you teach and you're the only class that I think I will ever enjoy taking early in the morning. Your passion speaks great volume, and the way you make everyone's input feel important without skipping a beat truly speaks on what kind of person you are, y ou are definitely meant to be a college professor. With that being said I have enjoyed many of our discussions, mini papers, and assessments that we did during the semester. My favorite health topic that we discussed was on the different levels of stress that we talked about around the first couple of weeks. It was something I related to because I have anger issues that I control to the best of my ability and I use some of the coping methods that we learned as well. I also very much enjoyed talking about healthy and unhealthy relationships, it was very interesting to see Jack debate with this other girl for a good five minutes on why women should leave instead of staying in the abusive relationship. I honestly thought this was going to be the most boring class of all time, but it instead was just bunch of people who are extremely different from one another that eventually got to love each other by the end of the year. I knew this was going to be a class where you had to do your work to pass, and study a little hard for your test to p ass but I didn't know that I would enjoy every second of it. I will miss everything about this class, I will apply everything I learned from stress management, ways on saving the environment, ways of preventing of STI's, improving my spiritual health, checking the food I'm eating, and setting goals for myself. A project that I think you should consider is have the class document they're journey on setting healthy goals for themselves and them going through with it, and have it be a 2-3 page paper. It would also be cool if you give the students an option to present their journey of achieving their set goals because it will not only make the students feel good about themselves but it will make the students live a healthier lifestyle. I believe the "Concepts of Personal and Community Health" should be a general education course because it is something that I feel everyone has to know in their life. This course goes more in depth in health than any of our health classes in high school, middle school, or elementary school. College students need to know the importance of checking our nutrition, taking our wellness assessment and setting goals to improve in certain areas of their life. Taking this class most definitely has opened my eyes to how I'm living my life, it was a huge wake up call, it s omething that every college students deserves to know, how to live our life healthy, and productively. To summarize the entire semester it started off with an awkward forced hello to every classmate saying hello to everyone with a huge smile when walking into class. To being sleepy all through the morning, to being full energy and filled with questions that we so desperately wanted to ask Professor Dowell. I think it all changed because of the passion we

menonites essays

menonites essays Throughout a long journey and endless flight the Mennonites have suffered religious persecution almost wherever they were. In the story sailing to Danzig the author Rudy Wiebe describes the life of a man who is searching for his identity through historical books and the tales of his family members. The Mennonites religious movement was first started during the protestant reformation in the 1520s and was led by Menno Simons (Encarta). Originating in Switzerland it was not very long before they were prosecuted because they refused to sanction war or to enroll in the military, because of their peaceful beliefs (Encarta). They fled to numerous parts of the world such as the Rhinelands and the Netherlands, others to America (Pennsylvania), and still others to Eastern Europe. (Encarta) As a Mennonite the main character of Sailing to Danzig explores his past through books and memories to cement his beliefs. Genealogical history accentuated by religious persecution an isolationist living can help explain ones religious and family values. The Mennonites throughout their existence have had a tumultuous history. Because of their strong beliefs on various topics and their sect like behavior of seclusion the Mennonites as well as other religious groups such as the Hutterites and the Amish have had to flee to other countries to seek refuge and peace. The Mennonites were targeted since they were created for many different reasons but a few are common and persistent. The move away from the Roman Catholic church was one of the main reasons for their persecution. The Protestants under King Henry the VIII had a leader and were a large group, unlike the Anabaptists who were divided into small groups and therefore more easily preyed on. Their belief such as their position against infant baptism were strongly disliked th...

International Business - Global Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Business - Global Marketing - Essay Example Most firms will be reluctant to enter countries that have high political risks unless the potential returns are high or when countries with high political risk are providers of raw material that are in short supply. Thus, inflation rates, balance of payments, exchange rate stability, government budgets and the record of growth will be considered to evaluate the prospects for economic instability or crisis. Environmental scanning, strategy development and consistent market and global industry monitoring are the main steps for successful operation oversees (Keegan, Green, 2003). 2. The organizational theory/management has a long history goes back to ancient times. The main stages of management history development coincide with the traditional stages of historical development. The first is the Ancient history including Sumerians, Egyptians, Babylonians (Hammurabi's Code), Hebrews (Jethro), when private merchants appeared. Scalar and Exception Principles were the core of management. It is possible to include the primitive stage into this classification, when collecting and primitive trade (interchange) existed, but this management process was not conscious, but rather intuitive. In Ancient East, China developed management thought based on a class principle (division of labor), generic and distinct management styles. Further, Alexander the Great developed a staff principle. During Medieval Period delegation principle and Mercantilism were developed. In their works Machiavelli and Thomas More discussed the principle of ideal organizational structure. Industrial period has lasted from 1765 to present time. This period is marked by a free market system of production, corporate culture and integration (R. Owen, A Ure). The XX century has evolved the main concepts of contemporary management practice utilizing the previous knowledge (Keynes). (Minor, 1995). 3. a). A company should use international division when it achieves competitive advantage in a national industry and requires executives and managers to maintain a well-defined strategic focus abroad. Their task is to guide marketing efforts, coordinate and direct activities and monitor economic environment of a country to predict possible opportunities and threats. International division will be able to maintain a strict control over trade and administrative activities in a foreign country, and reach wider target audience implementing advertising and promotion activities. A single organizational unit will help to deal with special environment of a foreign country. The international division cannot solve the problems of another layer of management if its budget is inadequate to this task. It cannot solve the problems outside its regional location (Keegan, Green, 2003). b). Global product structure is often considered as a separate marketing context requiring adaptations of the product, its price and the way it is promoted to account for differences in cultural expectations or constraints imposed by the governments of nation states. Geographic approach allows a firm to select particular markets similar to their organizational arrangements, which help to avoid a failure if products are not tailored to local markets. Such differences have led many firms to appoint local agents in different countries to

Diabetes Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Diabetes - Assignment Example Metabolism is the functionality of the body cells to convert the food and its constituents to attain energy. It helps the cells to grow and divide. The food that our body digests is converted to most simple type of sugar that is glucose. Glucose is entered into our blood stream by our digestive system. Blood transports the glucose to the cells. Insulin is the hormone that helps the glucose to enter the cells. Without insulin our cells are unable to absorb the glucose. Pancreas produces insulin and maintains the level of insulin in the blood. The hormonal system distinguishes how much insulin should be produced to absorb the glucose. It also stabilizes the amount of glucose that is present in the body by producing different amount of insulin according to the diet we intake. Diabetes is a condition in which either body is unable to produce set level of insulin or produce no insulin or the cells of the body do not respond to wards the insulin. The condition may also occur if the pancreas fails due to imbalance hormonal system or any other condition. Without the insulin, the body is unable to convert the glucose into energy. The blood has increased level of glucose. Some glucose is expelled out of the body through urine. The cells are unable to gain the glucose. Besides polyphagia (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thrust) and polyuria (increased hunger) are the common symptoms of the diabetes, diabetes may cause immense damage to other systems of the body. Following complication may occur as the result of untreated diabetes. Eye complications (eyesight got affected due to diabetes),  Foot complications (foot muscles are unable to heal and foot wounds are unable to heal and take more time to heal),  Skin complications (skin lacks the sensitivity),  Heart problems,  Hypertension (lack of energy and glucose to the cells may bring the condition of hypertension), Mental health (The

Soft Path Energy vs. Hard Path Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Soft Path Energy vs. Hard Path Energy - Essay Example On the contrary, champions of soft path argue that soft path energy ensures quality energy in that the energy is environmentally friendly (Botkin and Keller, 2010). More so, soft path policy leads to production and delivery of flexible and sustainable energy (Parkins, 2001). Such sources of energy, therefore, include, wind, sunlight and biomass. Unfortunately, many nations, including developed nations, such as the United States, have energy policies that are more oriented to hard path than the soft path. Therefore, an understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of soft path energy, as compared to the hard path energy, is crucial in deciding whether to exploit soft path energy. Soft path energy alternatives are more environmentally friendly than their hard path counterparts. In particular, they have less harm to their environs than hard path energy (Parkins, 2001). For example, the electricity used to light houses and drive air conditioning systems can be produced from hydroelectric power plants comprised of large dams, which pose a risk to people living around them. Electricity can also be produced from nuclear power plants, which are health hazards and consume large amounts of water for cooling purposes. Sunlight can be used for lighting purposes, in its raw form through opening windows or using transparent iron sheets, or electrically using solar panels that convert sunlight to electric energy. Wind turbines can also be used to harness wind energy and convert it to electric energy for lighting purposes. These lighting methods do not pose as much harm to the environment or risk animal, plant and human life as is the case with hard energy. Moreover, they contribute less to global warming because they emit fewer gases and carbon (if any) to the atmosphere. Soft path energy alternatives are also renewable in that their sources cannot be exhausted, which is not the case with hard path energy sources. For

Modern Structural Organization Theory: A Summary

Modern Structural Organization Theory: A Summary Introduction The â€Å"modern† structuralists are concerned with many of the same issues that the classical social structuralists were, but their theories have been influenced by and benefited greatly from advancements in organization theory since the second World War. â€Å"Modern† structuralists’ tenets are similar to Classical structuralists’ thinking: organizational efficiency is the essence of the organizational rationality, and the goal of the rationality is to Increase the production of wealth in terms of real goods and services. Structural organization theory is concerned with vertical differentiations (hierarchical levels of organizational authority and coordination, and horizontal differentiations between organizational units) such as those between product or service lines, geographical areas, or skills. The basic assumptions of the structural perspective: Organizations are rational institutions whose primary purpose is to accomplish established objectives; rational organizational behavior is achieved best through systems of defined rules and formal authority. Organizational control and coordination are key for maintaining organizational rationality. There is a â€Å"best† structure for any organization, or at least a most appropriate structure in light of its given objectives, the environmental conditions surrounding, the nature of its products or services, and the technology of the production process. Specialization and the division of labor increase the quality and quantity of production, particularly in highly skilled operations and professions. Most problems in an organization result from structural flaws and can be solved by changing the structure. The Most Important Theorists and Their Contributions Mechanistic and Organic Systems (Tom Burns and G. M. Stalker) The beginning of administrative wisdom is the awareness that there is no one optimum type of management system. They developed their widely cited theory of â€Å"mechanistic and organic systems of organization†, and Contribute to the creation of the â€Å"sociotechnical approach†. They found that stable conditions may suggest the use of a mechanistic form of organization where a traditional pattern of hierarchy, reliance on formal rules and regulations, vertical communications, and structured decision making is possible. Dynamic conditions(situations in which the environment changes rapidly) require the use of an organic form of organization where there is less rigidity, more participation, and more reliance on workers to define and redefine their positions and relationships. Either form of organization may be appropriate in particular situations. Characteristics of the â€Å"Mechanistic Management System† are: The specialized differentiation of functional tasks into which the problems and tasks facing the concern as a whole are broken down. The abstract nature of each individual task, which is pursued with techniques and purposes more or less distinct from those of the concern as a whole. The reconciliation, for each level in the hierarchy, of these distinct performances by the immediate superiors, who are also, in turn, responsible for seeing that each is relevant in his own special part of the task. The precise definition of rights and obligations and technical methods attached to each functional role. The translation of rights and obligations and methods into the responsibilities of a functional position. Hierarchic structure of control, authority, and communication. A reinforcement of the hierarchic structure by the location of knowledge of actualities exclusively at the top of the hierarchy, where the final reconciliation of distinct tasks and assessment of relevance is made. A tendency for interaction between members of the concern to be vertical (between superior and subordinate). A tendency for operations and working behavior to be governed by the instructions and decisions issued by superiors. Insistence on loyalty to the concern and obedience to superiors as a condition of membership. A greater importance and prestige attaching to internal (local) than to general (cosmopolitan) knowledge, experience, and skill. Characteristics of the â€Å"Organic Management System† are: The contributive nature of special knowledge and experience to the common task of the concern. The â€Å"realistic† nature of the individual task, which is seen as set by the total situation of the concern. The adjustment and continual redefinition of individual tasks through interaction with others. The shedding of â€Å"responsibility† as a limited field of rights, obligations, and methods. The spread of commitment to concern beyond any technical definition. A network structure of control, authority, and communication. The sanctions which apply to the individual’s conduct in his working role derive more from presumed community of interest with the rest of the working organization in the survival and growth of the firm, and less from a contractual relationship between himself and a nonpersonal corporation, represented for him by an immediate superior. Omniscience no longer imputed to the head of the concern; knowledge about the technical or commercial nature of the here and now task may be located anywhere in the network; this location becoming the ad hoc center of control authority and communication. A lateral rather than a vertical direction of communication through the organization, communication between people of different rank, also, resembling consultation rather than command. A content of communication which consists of information and advice rather than instructions and decisions. Commitment to the concern’s tasks and to the â€Å"technological ethos† of material progress and expansion is more highly valued than loyalty and obedience. Importance and prestige attach to affiliations and expertise valid in the industrial and technical and commercial milieux external to the firm. The Concept of Formal Organization (Peter M. Blau and W. Richard Scott) Social organization refers to the ways in which human conduct becomes socially organized, that is to the observed regularities in the behavior of people that are due to the social conditions in which they find themselves rather than to their physiological or psychological characteristics as individuals. Since the distinctive characteristics of these organizations is that they have been formally established for the explicit purpose of achieving certain goals, the term â€Å"formal organization† is used to designate them. They assert that all organizations include both a formal and informal element. The informal organization by its nature is rooted in the formal structure and supports its formal organization by establishing norms for the operation of the organization that cannot always be spelled out by rules and policies. It is impossible to know and understand the true structure of a formal organization without a similar understanding of its parallel informal organization. Organizational Choice: Product versus Function (Arthur Walker and Jay Lorsch) A manager facing the same basic question when he think about the form of his organization, whether to group activities primarily by product (various functional specialist working on a single product be grouped together under the same superior) or by function (all specialist in a given function be grouped under a common boss regardless of difference in products they are involved in). The manager should make choices based on these three criteria: Which approach permit maximum use of technical knowledge? Which provides the most efficient utilization of machinery and equipment? Which provides the best hope of obtaining the required control and coordination? The characteristics of manufacturing companies, the first are organized by product basis, and the other by function basis. For function based company: Less differentiation except in goal orientation. Integration is somewhat less effective. Confrontation of conflicts, but also â€Å"smoothing over† and avoidance; rather restricted communication pattern. Efficient, stable production, but less successful in improving plant capabilities. Prevalent feeling of satisfaction among the employees, but less feeling of stress and involvement. For product based company: Greater differentiation except in structure and time orientation. Integration is more effective. Confrontation of conflicts, open, face-to-face communication. Successful in improving plant capabilities, but less effective in stable production. Prevalent feeling of stress and involvement, but less feeling of satisfaction. They concluded that either structural arrangement can be appropriate, depending upon the organization’s environment and the nature of the organization itself. The Five Basic Parts of the Organization (Henry Mintzberg) Synthesized many schools of organizational management theory. Created a model of organizations with five interdependent parts: the strategic apex, the middle line, the operating core, the technostructure, and the support staff. Operating Core: the operators carry out the basic work of the organization. Strategic Apex: Those at the very top of the hierarchy, together with their own staff. The apex is charged with ensuring that the organization executes its mission. Middle Line: Managers that join the apex to the core. Middle line which transmits authority from the top to the bottom. Technostructure: The analysts carry out their work of standardizing the work of others, in addition to applying their analytical techniques to help the organization adapt to its environment. Support Staff: Supports the functioning of the operating core indirectly, that is, outside the basic flow of operating work. The interdependencies among the organizational members can be showed as: Pooled coupling: Members share common resources but are otherwise independent. Sequential coupling: Members work in series as in a relay race. Reciprocal coupling: Members feed their work back and forth among themselves in effect each receives inputs from and provides outputs to the others. In Praise of Hierarchy (Elliott Jaques) Managerial hierarchy is the most efficient, the hardiest, and in fact the most natural structure ever devised for large organizations. Properly structured hierarchy can release energy and creativity, rationalize productivity, and actually improve morale. Managerial hierarchy or layering is the only effective organizational form for deploying people and tasks at complementary levels, where people can do the tasks assigned to them, where the people in any given layer can add value to the work of those in the layer below them, and, finally, where this stratification of management strikes everyone as necessary and welcome. One of businesss great contemporary problems is how to release and sustain among the people who work in corporate hierarchies the thrust, initiative, and adaptability of the entrepreneur. Hierarchical structure has been the source of a great deal of trouble and inefficiency, the common complaint it face are: The excessive layering, too many rungs on the ladder. Information passes through too many people, decisions through too many levels. Few managers seem to add real value to the work of their subordinates. Hierarchies bring out the nastier aspects of human behavior, like greed, insensitivity, careerism, and self importance. Group authority without group accountability is dysfunctional, and group authority with group accountability is unacceptable. Group authority without group accountability is dysfunctional, and group authority with group accountability is unacceptable. Why Hierarchy? Managerial hierarchy is and will remain the only way to structure unified working systems with hundreds, or thousands of employees, for the very good reason that managerial hierarchy is the expression of two fundamental characteristics of real work: The tasks we carry out are not only more or less complex but they also become more complex as they separate out into discrete categories or types of complexity. The same is true of the mental work that people do on the job, for as this work grows more complex, it too separates out into distinct categories or types of mental activity. These two characteristics permit hierarchy to meet four of any organizations fundamental needs: to add real value to work as it moves through the organization, to identify and nail down accountability at each stage of the value adding process, to place people with the necessary competence at each organizational layer, and to build a general consensus and acceptance of the managerial structure that achieves these ends. Hierarchical layers depend on jumps in responsibility that depends in turn on how far ahead a manager must think and plan. He suggested as to make hierarchy work is to distinguish carefully between hierarchical layers and pay grades, and set up a different managerial hierarchy based on responsibility rather than salary. Companies need more than seven pay grades as a rule, many more. Technology as a contingency Factor (Richard M. Burton and Borge Obel) They covers technology’s effect on formalization, centralization, complexity, configuration, coordination and control, and incentives. They studied the effects that various dimensions of technology have on organizational design. The effects of technology assessed on six dimensions of organization: formalizations, centralizations, complexity, configuration, coordination and control, and incentives. Technology effects on formalization, propositions: If technology routineness is low, then formalization should be low. If technology routineness is high, then formalization should be high. If the organization employs many professionals, then Proposition 2 is not strong. If the organization is in the service industry, then the strength of proposition 1 and 2 is greater than if it is in the manufacturing industry. Retail and wholesale organizations can be expressed to fall in between. If the technology type is process(high automation), then formalization should be higher than it would be otherwise. If the organization uses modern information technology, then formalization should be high. Technology effects on centralization, propositions: If technology routineness is high and the size of the organization is small, then centralization should be high. If the organization is large and technology routineness is high, then centralization should be medium. Technology effects on organizational complexity, propositions: If the size of the organization is large and the organization has a technology that is routine, then complexity should be high(particularly horizontal differentiation). If the size of the organization is small and the organization has a technology that is routine, then complexity should be medium. If the size of the organization is large and has a nonroutine technology, then complexity should be high(particularly vertical differentiation). If the organization has a nonroutine technology, then the span of control should be narrow. If the organization has a routine technology, then the span of control should be wide. If the technology type is process(high automation), then complexity is high. Technology effects on configuration, propositions: If the technology type is unit, then it is more likely that the organization has a matrix configuration. If the organization has a nonroutine technology, then the functional configuration is not likely to be an efficient configuration. If the technology is not divisible, then the configuration cannot be divisional. If the technology is divisible, then it isn’t very likely that the configuration should be a matrix configuration. If the organization has a nonroutine technology, then it isn’t likely that machine or professional bureaucracy is an efficient configuration. If the technology isn’t nonroutine, then the configuration can’t be an ad hoc configuration. Technology effects on coordination and control mechanisms, propositions: If the size of the organization isn’t small and if the technology is routine, then coordination and control should be obtained via rules and planning, and a media with low richness and a small amount of information can be used. Incentives should based on procedures. If the technology is nonroutine, then coordination should be obtained via group meetings, and a media with high richness and a large amount of information can be used. Incentives should based on results. If the organization doesn’t have a dominant technology, then the technology structure recommendation should be discounted relative to other contingency factor.

Federal Preemption of Class III Medical Devices Receiving Premarket App

Federal Preemption of Class III Medical Devices receiving premarket approval Case in Review Court rulings have held that the preemption clause included in the Medical devices act of 1976 protects class III medical devices which have been approved through the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) premarket approval process (PMA) from litigation. Injured parties have no means to seek relief from device manufacturers for injuries sustained due to the use of a class III medical device receiving PMA. Overview of the FDA and Medical devices act of 1976: Congress created the Food and Drug Administration in 1938 under a statute known as the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. Under the 1938 act, the FDA could not prevent medical devices from entering the market but they could remove unsafe devices from the marketplace. The FDA believed that those same powers given to regulation of drugs should be extended to medical devices to ensure public safety. The Medical devices act of 1976 granted oversight and approval of medical devices to the FDA as a logical extension of duties already provided under previous legislation. The act provided for three classes of medical devices, levels I, II and III. Devices classified under level III were given the most rigorous level of testing and review due to the fact that these devices could produce the greatest level of harm. Level III devices are the only class of devices that are subject to premarket approval which requires manufacturers to submit information related to the safety and effectiveness of their devices for FDA review and approval. The Medical devices act of 1976 included a preemption clause over state law to ensure the federal statutes held supremacy over any state statut... ...mble_fda_final_rule.php>. "Medical Devices." U S Food and Drug Administration Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Apr. 2012. . Miller, Roger Leroy, and William Eric Hollowell. Business Law. Mason, OH: South Western Cengage Learning, 2011. Print. "The Development of the Medical Device Amendments | MDDI Medical Device and Diagnostic Industry News Products and Suppliers." MDDI Medical Device and Diagnostic Industry News Products and Suppliers. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 May 2012. . measure, the most plausible, [PDUFA] did not, and in. "Project FDA Report 1 | In the Wake of Wyeth v. Levine: Making the Case for FDA Preemption and Administrative Compensation." Manhattan Institute. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2012. .